Management, its concept and importance

Its scalability is without any limits. 

It is compressible and can be concentrated and summarized to make it easier to work with. 

Ability to spread quickly. 

It represents the time available to complete various administrative activities, and is considered one of the most valuable resources in the organization, and has characteristics that distinguish it from other resources, the most important of which are: 

It is a non-renewable (expendable) resource. 
It cannot be stored or rented. 
Time that passes without taking advantage of it is considered time wasted forever. 

2_ Administrative functions (administrative operations) 

It includes a group of administrative activities that must be practiced in order to achieve the organization’s goals. These activities are a group of mental functions represented by planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and decision-making. These functions are exercised by managers at different administrative levels, in order to benefit from the inputs represented by resources to achieve the organization’s goals. 

Efficiently and effectively, and Figure (1_2) briefly illustrates the administrative functions and processes. 

The following is a brief overview of each of these administrative functions: 

It is determining how the organization will achieve its goals. In other words, it is one of the functions of management or the manager, and an intellectual work that precedes implementation, and through it the goals to be achieved are determined after carrying out the forecasting process. 

It is one of the basic components of the administrative process, and it means every action by which the organization’s functions, departments, departments, councils, and committees are determined, and the relationship of all these elements to each other, and defining the organizational relationships represented by authority, responsibility, delegation, centralization and decentralization, and the scope of supervision. 

This function of organization helps in eliminating chaos in the organization, organizing the efforts of its employees, making every member of the organization know what activities or tasks are entrusted to him, helping to define work relationships within the organization, and making every member know his place, his tasks, and his relationship with his superiors and his subordinates. 

The guidance function is considered one of the most important administrative functions, since it is related to guiding the human being through which the organization achieves the results and goals for which it was created, and for which all activities and actions are carried out with the aim of achieving results to satisfy his needs, as management is practiced through others (individuals, bosses And subordinates) as the work is not performed unless the officials direct their subordinates to complete the work, meaning that they issue instructions to them and guide them during the implementation of the work, and motivate them and raise their morale in order to gain their cooperation, satisfaction, and communicate with them. 

Guidance is to guide subordinates while they carry out work, and encourage them to do so to ensure that they do not deviate from achieving goals. Guidance is not the implementation of work, but rather directing others while they carry out work. This requires motivating them and leading them at a time through an effective communications device, which means that the function of guidance is carried out through : 

The control function represents one of the main functions in the organization, and is related to the work of the organization as a whole, that is, it relates to all areas that are related to the elements of production (inputs), the administrative process, and the results achieved by the organization (outputs), as the control function represents the process of permanent supervision by An authority with the intention of knowing how to carry out work, and ensuring that the material and human production elements available within the organization are used effectively in accordance with the established plan, and control according to this concept is a comprehensive expression of supervision and follow-up, measuring performance, setting standards, and comparing them with the results achieved. 

Oversight is the process of ensuring that what is achieved or actually achieved is consistent with what was decided in the established plan, whether with regard to goals, policies, procedures, estimated budgets, or work programs. That is, oversight cannot and cannot be done only after the completion of the implementation of the work, and it is necessary to It takes place at a specific point (a supervisory center) of implementation that is determined in advance, and there must be supervisory standards or metrics according to which performance is measured, so that deviations (problems) appear, and thus it becomes necessary to diagnose and treat them in order to correct the course, and the cycle of the control process depends on three Basic stages are: 

Decision means the conscious choice of one or more alternatives from among a group of alternatives to solve a particular problem. Decision-making is considered the essence of the administrative process. In practical terms, management is nothing but decision-making. If we look at the administrative functions: planning, organization, direction, and control that take place in... In any organization, which constitutes the elements of the administrative process, we find that decision-making takes place during the practical practices of these functions. Managers constantly make many decisions that deal with the goals that must be achieved, the policies that must be adhered to, and the time programs that are used, and many decisions are also taken. Related to designing the organizational structure and division of work, defining relationships and responsibilities, selecting, appointing and training employees, determining standards and regulatory measures...etc. 

Hence, it is clear that decision-making is an activity that deals with all work within the organization, and takes place at all administrative levels, so that management becomes a series of simultaneous and successive decisions. 

Decision-making, as a behavior or action on the part of managers, is nothing but a choice between several alternatives presented, which means that making a decision depends on the presence of more than one alternative, and if there is one alternative presented to you, we cannot say that a decision has been made. 

The decision-making process involves a set of steps, the outputs of each step forming the inputs of the next step leading to the final output, i.e. the rational decision. The steps of decision-making in the organization can be summarized as follows: 

The outcomes of the administrative process are represented by the results (goals) that the organization exists to achieve. The outcomes of the administrative process differ from one organization to another according to the nature and size of the organization. The organization may be productive and produce goods, and the goods are infinite, and they may differ from one society to another and from one time to another. The organization may be a service organization that provides many services needed by community members, which may vary and be numerous depending on place and time. 

The outcomes are also represented by achieving the satisfaction of individuals working in the organization, and achieving the goals of the various parties associated with the organization, such as the owners and shareholders who own the organization, consumers dealing with the organization, suppliers, and society as a whole, in addition to the organization’s contribution to the process of economic and social development of the country. 

In general, the outcomes of the administrative process are as follows:

The goals must be achieved efficiently and effectively.

Efficiency means doing things in a correct way, that is, using resources wisely, economically and without extravagance, for example:

Car production company produces the car at the relatively lowest possible costs.

Effectively means doing the right things, that is, the car production company produces cars with desirable and reliable models for customers, and for more clarification we can say:

The TV production company can produce black or white TV in an economical way, that is, with high efficiency, but it will not succeed in marketing it (because it has not achieved effectiveness) because this type of TV is not currently desirable.

In general, successful organizations must achieve effectiveness and efficiency in their work.

The external environment of the organization consists of the political environment, the economic environment, the social environment, the cultural environment, the legal environment, the technological environment, competitors, etc.

And represented by the consumer's reactions to the goods and services produced or provided by the organization, It is in the form of information that affects the inputs of the administrative process and the transformational process, as well as the degree to which the employees of the organization are satisfied and their position on them.